In addition to glucagon, which hormones help raise blood sugar levels?

In the context of hormones that help raise blood glucose levels, growth hormone and glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play significant roles. Growth hormone stimulates the liver to increase gluconeogenesis, which is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, thus contributing to elevated blood sugar levels. Additionally, glucocorticoids like cortisol facilitate the breakdown of proteins and fats for energy, increasing glucose availability and release into the bloodstream.

These hormones act as counter-regulatory factors to insulin, promoting the mobilization and utilization of energy stores, particularly in response to stress or low blood sugar levels. This is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis, especially during fasting or physical activity. Understanding the functions of these hormones is key for comprehending how the body regulates blood sugar under various conditions.

Other options provided do not encompass the full range of hormones known to elevate blood glucose effectively.